An approach to pulmonary haemorrhage in children

Abstract

Pulmonary haemorrhage in children is very rare and the exact incidence remains unknown. Children usually swallow blood that has been coughed up and unless the haemoptysis is substantial, it can go unnoticed. Pulmonary haemorrhage can occur as a result of diffuse or local pathology. Diagnosis is based on a thorough history and examination, with laboratory, radiological, bronchoscopic findings, and lung biopsies in some cases. Treatment is directed at the underlying condition. On review of the available literature, the authors provide an approach to investigating pulmonary haemorrhage in children.